How does Runway Surface and Gradient affects Aircraft Performance?
Runway surfaces vary widely from one airport to another. The runway surfaces may be concrete, asphalt, gravel, dirt, or grass. Any surface that is not hard and smooth increases the ground roll during takeoff. This is due to the inability of the tires to roll smoothly along the runway. Tires can sink into soft, grassy, or muddy runways. Potholes or other ruts in the pavement can be the cause of poor tire movement along the runway. Obstructions such as mud, snow, or standing water reduce the airplane’s acceleration down the runway. Muddy and wet surface conditions can reduce friction between the runway and the tires, they can also act as obstructions and reduce the landing distance.
The majority of pilot-caused aircraft accidents occur during the takeoff and landing phase of flight. Because of this fact, the pilot must be familiar with all the variables that influence the takeoff and landing performance of an aircraft and must strive for exacting, professional procedures of operation during these phases of flight. Since no two runways are alike, the runway surface differs from one runway to another, as does the runway gradient or slope. In order for pilots to have a greater chance of a successful take-off and landing, utilizing the Takeoff Distance Chart and Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory) are essential. Ensure that runways are adequate in length for takeoff acceleration and landing deceleration when less than ideal surface conditions are being reported as well.
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